Semiconductor devices including trench walls having multiple slopes

ABSTRACT

A semiconductor device includes a gate spacer defining a trench. The trench includes a first part and a second part sequentially positioned on a substrate. An inner surface of the first part has a slope of an acute angle and an inner surface of the second part has a slope of a right angle or obtuse angle with respect to the substrate. A gate electrode fills at least a portion of the trench.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims priority from Korean Patent Application No.10-2013-0165535 filed on Dec. 27, 2013 in the Korean IntellectualProperty Office, and all the benefits accruing therefrom under 35 U.S.C.119, the contents of which in its entirety are herein incorporated byreference.

BACKGROUND

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to semiconductor devices and methods forfabricating the same.

2. Description of the Related Art

Recently, along with the rapid proliferation of information media,functionality of a semiconductor is remarkably advancing. Recentlydeveloped semiconductor products can be fabricated at low cost forattaining price competitiveness and can be highly integrated forachieving high quality. Specifically, in order to achieve highintegration of semiconductor devices, the semiconductor devices havebeen gradually scaled down.

Integrated semiconductor devices may include active devices, such asmetal oxide semiconductor (MOS) transistors. According to integration ofsemiconductor devices, a gate of a MOS transistor is being reduced insize, and a channel region under the gate is becoming narrow.

As the width of a gate of a transistor is reduced, a distance betweencontacts formed at the gate of the transistor and a source and drainregion of the transistor may also decrease.

SUMMARY

The present inventive concepts can provide a semiconductor device, whichcan have improved operating performance by reducing a change in theheight of a replacement metal gate electrode.

The present inventive concepts also can provide a method for fabricatinga semiconductor device, which can suppress an interlayer insulation filmfrom being lost in the course of forming a replacement metal gateelectrode.

These and other objects of the present inventive concepts will bedescribed in or be apparent from the following description of variousembodiments of the inventive concepts.

According to some aspects of the present inventive concepts, there isprovided a semiconductor device including a gate spacer defining atrench and including a first part and a second part sequentiallypositioned on a substrate, an inner surface of the first part having aslope of an acute angle and an inner surface of the second part having aslope of a right angle or obtuse angle with respect to the substrate,and a gate electrode in, and in some embodiments filling, at least aportion of the trench.

In some embodiments, the inner surface of the first part of the gatespacer and the inner surface of the second part of the gate spacer havea continuous profile.

In some embodiments, the gate spacer further includes a third partpositioned on the second part of the gate spacer remote from the firstpart, and the third part of the gate spacer is connected to the secondpart of the gate spacer.

In some embodiments, the inner surface of the second part of the gatespacer and an inner surface of the third part of the gate spacer have adiscontinuous profile.

In some embodiments, at a boundary between the second part of the gatespacer and the third part of the gate spacer, a width of the trenchdefined by the third part of the gate spacer is greater than a width ofthe trench defined by the second part of the gate spacer.

In some embodiments, the first part of the gate spacer has a greaterheight than the second part of the gate spacer.

In some embodiments, an inner surface of the gate spacer has a firstpoint, a second point and a third point sequentially disposed away fromthe substrate, a width of the trench at the first point is greater thana width of the trench at the second point, and a width of the trench atthe third point is greater than at a width of the trench at the secondpoint.

In some embodiments, a height from the substrate to a top surface of thegate spacer is greater than a height from the substrate to a top surfaceof the gate electrode.

In some embodiments, the gate electrode fills a portion of the trench,and the semiconductor device further includes a capping pattern formedon the gate electrode to fill the remaining portion of the trench.

The semiconductor device may further comprise a self-aligned contactadjacent to the gate spacer.

The semiconductor device may further comprise a gate insulation filmextending along side surfaces and a bottom surface of the trench betweenthe substrate and the gate electrode, and the gate electrode includes alower gate electrode extending along the gate insulation film on thegate insulation film and an upper gate electrode on the lower gateelectrode.

In some embodiments, the gate electrode is a replacement metal gateelectrode.

According to another aspect of the present inventive concepts, there isprovided a semiconductor device including a gate spacer defining atrench and including a first part, a second part and a third partsequentially positioned on a substrate, an inner surface of the firstpart of the gate spacer having a slope of an acute angle and an innersurface of the second part having a slope of a right angle or obtuseangle with respect to the substrate, a lower gate electrode extendingalong portions of side surfaces and a bottom surface of the trench, anupper gate electrode extending on the lower gate electrode in, and insome embodiments to fill, a portion of the trench and having a topsurface coplanar with an uppermost surface of the lower gate electrode,and a capping pattern on the lower gate electrode and the upper gateelectrode extending in, and in some embodiments to fill, a portion ofthe trench.

In some embodiments, the inner surface of the first part of the gatespacer and an inner surface of the second part of the gate spacer have acontinuous profile, and the inner surface of the second part of the gatespacer and an inner surface of the third part of the gate spacer have adiscontinuous profile.

The semiconductor device may further comprise a self-aligned contactadjacent to the gate spacer.

According to still other aspects of the present inventive concepts,there is provided a semiconductor device including a fin type activepattern protruding onto a field insulation film, a gate spacer defininga trench on the fin type active pattern and crossing the fin type activepattern and including a first part and a second part, an inner surfaceof the first part of the gate spacer having a slope of an acute angleand an inner surface of the second part having a slope of a right angleor obtuse angle with respect to the fin type active pattern, and areplacement metal gate electrode in, and in some embodiments filling, atleast a portion of the trench.

In some embodiments, the first part of the gate spacer and the secondpart of the gate spacer are sequentially positioned on the fieldinsulation film, and the inner surface of the first part of the gatespacer and the inner surface of the second part of the gate spacer havea continuous profile.

In some embodiments, a height of the first part of the gate spacer isgreater than a height from the field insulation film to a top surface ofthe fin type active pattern.

In some embodiments, the gate spacer further includes a third part onthe second part of the gate spacer remote from the first part andconnected to the second part of the gate spacer, and the inner surfaceof the second part of the gate spacer and an inner surface of the thirdpart of the gate spacer have a discontinuous profile.

In some embodiments, the replacement metal gate electrode fills aportion of the trench and further includes a capping pattern on thereplacement metal gate electrode to fill the trench and having a topsurface coplanar with the top surface of the gate spacer.

According to further aspects of the present inventive concepts, there isprovided a semiconductor device including a first gate spacer defining afirst trench and including a first part and a second part sequentiallypositioned on a substrate, an inner surface of the first part of thefirst gate spacer having a slope of an acute angle and an inner surfaceof the second part of the first gate spacer having a slope of a rightangle or obtuse angle with respect to the substrate, a second gatespacer defining a second trench and including a third part and a fourthpart sequentially positioned on the substrate, an inner surface of thethird part of the second gate spacer having a slope of an acute angleand an inner surface of the fourth part of the second gate spacer havinga slope of a right angle or obtuse angle with respect to the substrate,a first gate electrode in, and in some embodiments filling, at least aportion of the first trench and including a first n type work functioncontrol film, and a second gate electrode in, and in some embodimentsfilling, at least a portion of the second trench and including a secondn type work function control film and a p type work function controlfilm.

In some embodiments, the first gate electrode and the second gateelectrode fill portions of the first trench and the second trench,respectively, and the semiconductor device further includes a firstcapping pattern on the first gate electrode to fill a remaining portionof the first trench, and a second capping pattern on the second gateelectrode to fill a remaining portion of the second trench.

In some embodiments, the inner surface of the first part of the firstgate spacer and the inner surface of the second part of the first gatespacer have a continuous profile, and the inner surface of the thirdpart of the second gate spacer and the inner surface of the fourth partof the second gate spacer have a discontinuous profile.

In some embodiments, the first n type work function control film extendsalong at least portions of side surfaces and a bottom surface of thefirst trench, the first gate electrode includes a first filling gateelectrode on the first n type work function control film to fill atleast a portion of the first trench, the p type work function controlfilm extends along at least portions of side surfaces and a bottomsurface of the second trench, the second n type work function controlfilm extends along the p type work function control film on the p typework function control film, and the second gate electrode includes asecond filling gate electrode on the second n type work function controlfilm to fill at least a portion of the second trench.

In some embodiments, the second n type work function control filmextends on, and in some embodiments covers, an uppermost surface of thep type work function control film.

According to yet other aspects of the present inventive concepts, asemiconductor device comprises a layer on a substrate, the layerincluding a trench therein that comprises a trench opening remote fromthe substrate, a trench floor adjacent the substrate and a trench wallbetween the trench opening and the trench floor. The trench wall ispinched relative to the trench opening and the trench floor. Thesemiconductor device also comprises a conductive layer in the trenchthat includes a conductive layer top adjacent the trench opening, aconductive layer bottom adjacent the trench floor and a conductive layerwall between the conductive layer top and the conductive layer bottom.The conductive layer wall is also pinched relative to the conductivelayer top and the conductive layer bottom.

In some embodiments, the layer is a unitary insulating layer. Moreover,in some embodiments, the layer comprises a gate spacer and includesfirst and second opposing outer walls, and the conductive layer comprisea gate electrode. In these embodiments, the semiconductor device furthercomprises a first source/drain region on first outer wall remote fromthe trench and a second source/drain region on the second outer wallremote from the trench. In some embodiments, the semiconductor devicefurther comprises an active semiconductor region that extends frombeneath the first source/drain region to beneath the floor of the trenchand to beneath the second source/drain region.

In some embodiments, the conductive layer top is recessed from thetrench opening. The semiconductor device may further comprise a secondconductive layer in the trench on the conductive layer top and extendingto the trench opening.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The above and other features and advantages of the present inventiveconcepts will become more apparent by describing in detail variousembodiments thereof with reference to the attached drawings in which:

FIGS. 1A and 1B illustrate a semiconductor device according to a firstembodiment of the present inventive concepts;

FIG. 2 illustrates a gate spacer of FIG. 1;

FIGS. 3A and 3B illustrate shapes of gate electrodes formed on the gatespacer of FIG. 2;

FIG. 4 illustrates a semiconductor device according to a secondembodiment of the present inventive concepts;

FIG. 5 illustrates a semiconductor device according to a thirdembodiment of the present inventive concepts;

FIG. 6 illustrates a semiconductor device according to a fourthembodiment of the present inventive concepts;

FIG. 7 illustrates a semiconductor device according to a fifthembodiment of the present inventive concepts;

FIG. 8 illustrates a semiconductor device according to a sixthembodiment of the present inventive concepts;

FIG. 9 illustrates a semiconductor device according to a seventhembodiment of the present inventive concepts;

FIG. 10 illustrates a semiconductor device according to an eighthembodiment of the present inventive concepts;

FIG. 11 illustrates a semiconductor device according to a ninthembodiment of the present inventive concepts;

FIG. 12 is a perspective view illustrating a semiconductor deviceaccording to a tenth embodiment of the present inventive concepts;

FIG. 13 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line A-A of FIG. 12;

FIG. 14 is a perspective view illustrating a semiconductor deviceaccording to an eleventh embodiment of the present inventive concepts;

FIG. 15 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line A-A of FIG. 14;

FIG. 16 is a perspective view illustrating a semiconductor deviceaccording to a twelfth embodiment of the present inventive concepts;

FIG. 17 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line A-A of FIG. 16;

FIG. 18 is a block diagram of an electronic system includingsemiconductor devices according to some embodiments of the presentinventive concepts;

FIGS. 19 and 20 illustrate a semiconductor system to which semiconductordevices according to some embodiments of the present inventive conceptscan be employed;

FIGS. 21 to 29 illustrate intermediate process steps in a method forfabricating the semiconductor device according to the first embodimentof the present inventive concepts;

FIGS. 30 and 31 illustrate intermediate process steps in a method forfabricating the semiconductor device according to the second embodimentof the present inventive concepts;

FIGS. 32 and 33 illustrate intermediate process steps in a method forfabricating the semiconductor device according to the third embodimentof the present inventive concepts;

FIGS. 34 to 36 illustrate intermediate process steps in a method forfabricating the semiconductor device according to the fourth embodimentof the present inventive concepts; and

FIGS. 37 and 38 illustrate intermediate process steps in a method forfabricating the semiconductor device according to the fifth embodimentof the present inventive concepts.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

The present inventive concepts will now be described more fullyhereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in whichvarious embodiments of the inventive concepts are shown. The inventiveconcepts may, however, be embodied in different forms and should not beconstrued as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, theseembodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough andcomplete, and will fully convey the scope of the inventive concepts tothose skilled in the art. The same reference numbers indicate the samecomponents throughout the specification. In the attached figures, thethickness of layers and regions is exaggerated for clarity.

It will be understood that when an element or layer is referred to asbeing “connected to,” or “coupled to” another element or layer, it canbe directly connected to or coupled to another element or layer orintervening elements or layers may be present. In contrast, when anelement is referred to as being “directly connected to” or “directlycoupled to” another element or layer, there are no intervening elementsor layers present. Like numbers refer to like elements throughout. Asused herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of oneor more of the associated listed items.

It will also be understood that when a layer is referred to as being“on” another layer or substrate, it can be directly on the other layeror substrate, or intervening layers may also be present. In contrast,when an element is referred to as being “directly on” another element,there are no intervening elements present.

It will be understood that, although the terms first, second, etc. maybe used herein to describe various elements, these elements should notbe limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish oneelement from another element. Thus, for example, a first element, afirst component or a first section discussed below could be termed asecond element, a second component or a second section without departingfrom the teachings of the present inventive concepts.

The use of the terms “a” and “an” and “the” and similar referents in thecontext of describing the inventive concepts (especially in the contextof the following claims) are to be construed to cover both the singularand the plural, unless otherwise indicated herein or clearlycontradicted by context. The terms “comprising,” “having,” “including,”and “containing” are to be construed as open-ended terms (i.e., meaning“including, but not limited to,”) unless otherwise noted.

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used hereinhave the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill inthe art to which the inventive concepts belong. It is noted that the useof any and all examples, or exemplary terms provided herein is intendedmerely to better illuminate the inventive concepts and is not alimitation on the scope of the inventive concepts unless otherwisespecified. Further, unless defined otherwise, all terms defined ingenerally used dictionaries may not be overly interpreted.

Hereinafter, a semiconductor device according to a first embodiment ofthe present inventive concepts will be described with reference to FIGS.1A to 3B.

FIGS. 1A and 1B illustrate a semiconductor device according to a firstembodiment of the present inventive concepts, FIG. 2 illustrates a gatespacer of FIG. 1, and FIGS. 3A and 3B illustrate shapes of gateelectrodes formed on the gate spacer of FIG. 2. In detail, FIG. 1Billustrates a contact formed between gate spacers shown in FIG. 1. FIG.3A illustrates a lower gate electrode, and FIG. 3B illustrates a statein which a lower gate electrode and an upper gate electrode are formed.In FIGS. 1A and 1B, for the sake of convenient explanation, source/drainregions formed in a substrate and an isolation film, such as a shallowtrench isolation (STI), are not illustrated.

Referring to FIGS. 1A and 1B, the semiconductor device 1 according tothe first embodiment of the present inventive concepts may include alayer, such as a first gate spacer 140, a first trench 145, a firstlower gate electrode 120, a first upper gate electrode 130, a firstcapping pattern 150 and a first contact 180. The first upper gateelectrode 130 and/or the first lower gate electrode 120 may also bereferred to herein as a conductive layer 135.

The substrate 100 may be bulk silicon or a silicon-on-insulator (SOI).Alternatively, the substrate 100 may be a silicon substrate, or asubstrate made of other materials comprising, for example, germanium,silicon germanium, indium antimonide, lead telluride compound, indiumarsenide, indium phosphide, gallium arsenide, and/or gallium antimonide,but aspects of the present inventive concepts are not limited thereto.

The first gate spacer 140 is formed on the substrate 100. The first gatespacer 140 may include, for example, silicon oxide, silicon nitrideand/or silicon oxynitride. Since the first gate spacer 140 serves as aguide in forming a self aligned contact, it may include a materialhaving an etching selectivity with respect to first and secondinterlayer insulation films 182 and 184 to be described later.

The first gate spacer 140 includes an outer surface adjacent to thefirst interlayer insulation film 182 and an inner surface adjacent tothe first lower gate electrode 120. The inner surface of the first gatespacer 140 may be a combination of side surfaces having various angleswith respect to the substrate 100. In the semiconductor device 1according to the first embodiment of the present inventive concepts, theinner surface of the first gate spacer 140 may be shaped of a staircase.In other words, the first gate spacer 140 may be shaped of a bench.

The first gate spacer 140 may include a first part 140 a, a second part140 b and a third part 140 c sequentially positioned on the substrate100. A shape of the first gate spacer 140 will later be described indetail with reference to FIG. 2.

The first trench 145 is defined by the first gate spacer 140. The firsttrench 145 may have an inner surface of the first gate spacer 140 as aside surface or wall 145 w of the trench 145, a top surface of thesubstrate 100 as a bottom surface or floor 145 f of the trench 145 and atop surface of the gate spacer 140 as an opening 145 o of the trench145.

The first interlayer insulation film 182 is formed on the substrate 100.The first interlayer insulation film 182 surrounds outer surfaces of thefirst gate spacer 140, which define the first trench 145. The firstinterlayer insulation film 182 may include, for example, a low-kmaterial, oxide, nitride and/or oxynitride. The low-k material mayinclude, for example, flowable oxide (FOX), tonen silazene (TOXZ),undoped silicate glass (USG), borosilicate glass (BSG), phosphosilicateglass (PSG), borophosphosilicate glass (BPSG), plasma-enhancedtetraethylorthosilicate (PE-TEOS), fluorosilicate glass (FSG), highdensity plasma (HDP) oxide, plasma enhanced oxide (PEOX) and/or flowableCVD (FCVD), but is not limited thereto.

As described above, the first interlayer insulation film 182 may includea material having etching selectivity with respect to the first gatespacer 140.

The first gate insulation film 110 may be formed on the inner surface ofthe first gate spacer 140 and the substrate 100. The first gateinsulation film 110 may be formed along side surfaces 145 w and a bottomsurface 145 f of the first trench 145. In the semiconductor device 1according to the first embodiment of the present inventive concepts, thefirst gate insulation film 110 formed along the side surfaces 145 w ofthe first trench 145 may be formed along the first part 140 a and thesecond part 140 b of the first gate spacer 140 and may extend to aportion of the third part 140 c of the first gate spacer 140. That is tosay, the first gate insulation film 110 may be formed along portions ofthe side surfaces 145 w and bottom surface 145 f of the first trench145.

The first gate insulation film 110 may include a high-k dielectric film.The high-k dielectric film may include, for example, hafnium oxide,hafnium silicon oxide, lanthanum oxide, lanthanum aluminum oxide,zirconium oxide, zirconium silicon oxide, tantalum oxide, titaniumoxide, barium strontium titanium oxide, barium titanium oxide, strontiumtitanium oxide, yttrium oxide, aluminum oxide, lead scandium tantalumoxide and/or lead zinc niobate, but is not limited thereto.

In FIGS. 1A and 1B, the first gate insulation film 110 is formed alongthe side surfaces 145 w and bottom surface 145 f of the first trench145, but aspects of the present inventive concepts are not limitedthereto. That is to say, the first gate insulation film 110 may beformed on only the bottom surface 145 f of the first trench 145. In thefollowing description, it is assumed that the first gate insulation film110 is formed along the side surfaces 145 w and bottom surface 145 f ofthe first trench 145.

The first lower gate electrode 120 is formed in the first trench 145having the first gate insulation film 110. The first lower gateelectrode 120 may be formed along the side surfaces 145 w and bottomsurface 145 f of the first trench 145, for example, along the first gateinsulation film 110. The first lower gate electrode (120, 120 s of FIG.3A) formed along the side surfaces 145 w of the first trench 145 passesthrough the first part 140 a and the second part 140 b of the first gatespacer 140 to then extend up to a portion of the third part 140 c of thefirst gate spacer 140. That is to say, the first lower gate electrode120 may be formed along portions of the side surfaces 145 w and bottomsurface 145 f of the first trench 145.

When the semiconductor device 1 is an NMOS device, the first lower gateelectrode 120 may include an n type work function control film. The ntype work function control film may include, for example, Ti, Ag, Al,TiAl, TiAlN, TiAlC, TaC, TaCN, TaSiN, Mn and/or Zr, but is not limitedthereto.

When the semiconductor device 1 is a PMOS device, the first lower gateelectrode 120 may include a p type work function control film. The ptype work function control film may include, for example, TiN, WN, TaNand/or Ru, but is not limited thereto.

In addition, when the semiconductor device 1 is a PMOS, the first lowergate electrode 120 may include both of the p type work function controlfilm and the n type work function control film. As described above, whenthe first lower gate electrode 120 has a double layered structure, the ptype work function control film may be formed along the side surfaces145 w and bottom surface 145 f of the first trench 145 and the n typework function control film may be formed along the side surfaces 145 wand bottom surface 145 f of the first trench 145 on the p type workfunction control film.

The shape of the first lower gate electrode 120 formed along the sidesurfaces 145 w and bottom surface 145 f of the first trench 145 willlater be described in detail with reference to FIG. 3A.

The first upper gate electrode 130 is formed on the first lower gateelectrode 120. The first upper gate electrode 130 may fill a portion ofthe first trench 145. The first upper gate electrode 130 may be afilling gate electrode filling a space remaining after the first lowergate electrode 120 is formed. The first upper gate electrode 130 may besurrounded by the first lower gate electrode 120.

The first upper gate electrode 130 may include, for example, tungsten(W) and/or aluminum (Al), but is not limited thereto.

The shape of the first upper gate electrode 130 filling a portion of thefirst trench 145 will later be described in detail with reference toFIG. 3B.

In the semiconductor device 1 according to the first embodiment of thepresent inventive concepts, the first gate electrodes 120 and 130 mayinclude a first lower gate electrode 120 and a first upper gateelectrode 130. The first gate electrodes 120 and 130 may fill at least aportion of the first trench 145. In the semiconductor device 1 accordingto the first embodiment of the present inventive concepts, the firstgate electrodes 120 and 130 may fill a portion of the first trench 145.

An uppermost surface of the first upper gate electrode 130 and anuppermost surface of the first lower gate electrode 120 may be coplanarwith each other. That is to say, top surfaces of the first gateelectrodes 120 and 130 may be planar surfaces.

The top surfaces of the first gate electrodes 120 and 130 are closer tothe top surface of the substrate 100 than to the top surface of thefirst gate spacer 140. In other words, a height ranging from the topsurface of the substrate 100 to the top surface of the first gate spacer140 is greater than a height ranging from the top surface of thesubstrate 100 to the top surfaces of the first gate electrodes 120 and130. That is to say, the first gate electrodes 120 and 130 are recessedfrom the top surface of the first gate spacer 140.

Thereafter, as will later be described in detail with regard to thefabricating method of the semiconductor device, the first upper gateelectrode 130 and the first lower gate electrode 120 are formed byforming the first trench 145 by removing a dummy gate electrode andfilling the first trench 145. Therefore, the first upper gate electrode130 and the first lower gate electrode 120 may be replacement metal gateelectrodes.

The first capping pattern 150 is formed on the first upper gateelectrode 130 and the first lower gate electrode 120. The first cappingpattern 150 is formed by filling the portion of the first trench 145.That is to say, since the first gate electrodes 120 and 130 fill theportion of the first trench 145, the first capping pattern 150 fills theremaining portion of the first trench 145, which is not filled by thefirst gate electrodes 120 and 130.

Since the first capping pattern 150 is formed by filling the portion ofthe first trench 145 on the first gate electrodes 120 and 130, a topsurface of the first capping pattern 150 may be coplanar with the topsurface of the first gate spacer 140.

Since the first capping pattern 150 serves as a guide in forming a selfaligned contact, it may include a material having an etching selectivitywith respect to first and second interlayer insulation films 182 and184. The first capping pattern 150 may include, for example, siliconnitride (SiN), layer, silicon oxynitride (SiON), silicon oxide (SiO2),silicon carbonitride (SiCN) and/or silicon oxycarbonitride (SiOCN).

In the semiconductor device 1 according to the first embodiment of thepresent inventive concepts, the first capping pattern 150 does notoverlap with the inner surface of the first part 140 a of the first gatespacer 140 and the inner surface of the second part 140 b of the firstgate spacer 140. That is to say, the side surfaces of the first cappingpattern 150 may face the inner surface of the third part 140 c of thefirst gate spacer 140.

In addition, the first gate insulation film 110 and the first lower gateelectrode 120 formed on the side surfaces of the first trench 145 extendup to a portion of the third part 140 c of the first gate spacer 140.Therefore, the first gate insulation film 110 and the first lower gateelectrode 120 are not positioned between the first capping pattern 150and the first gate spacer 140.

The second interlayer insulation film 184 is formed on the firstinterlayer insulation film 182. The second interlayer insulation film184 covers the first capping pattern 150 and the first gate spacer 140.The first interlayer insulation film 182 may include, for example, alow-k material, oxide, nitride and/or oxynitride. The second interlayerinsulation film 184 may include a material having etching selectivitywith respect to the first gate spacer 140 and the first capping pattern150.

The first contact 180 may be formed in the first interlayer insulationfilm 182 and the second interlayer insulation film 184. The firstcontact 180 may be, for example, a self-aligned contact. That is to say,the first contact 180 may be aligned by the first capping pattern 150and the first gate spacer 140 having etching resistance with respect tothe first interlayer insulation film 182 and the second interlayerinsulation film 184.

The first contact 180 may be formed to be adjacent to the first gatespacer 140. In FIG. 1B, a surface to which the first contact 180 and thefirst gate spacer 140 are adjacent is illustrated as a tilted surface,which is, however, provided for the sake of convenient explanation, butaspects of the present inventive concepts are not limited thereto. Thefirst contact 180 may overlap with at least a portion of the first gatespacer 140.

The first contact 180 may include, for example, aluminum (Al), tungsten(W) and/or copper (Cu), but is not limited thereto.

FIG. 2 illustrates a shape of a first gate spacer. For the sake ofconvenient explanation, the first gate spacer 140 and the substrate 100are illustrated.

Referring to FIG. 2, the first gate spacer 140 defining the first trench145 is formed on the substrate 100. The first gate spacer 140 mayinclude a first part 140 a and a second part 140 b.

The first part 140 a of the first gate spacer 140 and the second part140 b of the first gate spacer 140 are sequentially positioned on thesubstrate 100. That is to say, the first part 140 a of the first gatespacer 140 is closest to the substrate 100, and the second part 140 b ofthe first gate spacer 140 is farther from the substrate 100 than thefirst part 140 a of the first gate spacer 140.

The first part 140 a of the first gate spacer 140 has an outer surfaceadjacent to the first interlayer insulation film 182 and an innersurface forming a side surface 145 w of the first trench 145. The innersurface of the first part 140 a of the first gate spacer 140 has a slopeof θ1. Here, “the slope of the inner surface” means an angle formed bythe inner surface and the top surface of the substrate 100. Insemiconductor devices according to embodiments of the present inventiveconcepts, the slope θ1 of the inner surface of the first part 140 a ofthe first gate spacer 140 is an acute angle. That is to say, the angleθ1 formed by the inner surface of the first gate spacer 140, which isclosest to the substrate 100, and the top surface of the substrate 100is an acute angle.

The second part 140 b of the first gate spacer 140 has an outer surfaceadjacent to the first interlayer insulation film 182 and an innersurface forming a side surface of the first trench 145. The innersurface of the second part 140 b of the first gate spacer 140 has aslope of θ2. The slope θ2 of the inner surface of the second part 140 bof the first gate spacer 140 is a right angle or an obtuse angle. In thesemiconductor device according to the first embodiment of the presentinventive concepts, the angle θ2 formed by the inner surface of thefirst part 140 a of the first gate spacer 140 and the substrate 100 isan obtuse angle.

The first part 140 a of the first gate spacer 140 and the second part140 b of the first gate spacer 140 are connected to each other.Therefore, the slope of the inner surface of the first gate spacer 140changes from an acute angle to an obtuse angle at a boundary point atwhich the inner surface of the first part 140 a of the first gate spacer140 and the inner surface of the second part 140 b of the first gatespacer 140 meet. In the semiconductor device according to the firstembodiment of the present inventive concepts, the boundary point atwhich the inner surface of the first part 140 a of the first gate spacer140 and the inner surface of the second part 140 b of the first gatespacer 140 meet is a point at which signs of the slope of the innersurface of the first gate spacer 140 change.

The slope of the inner surface of the first gate spacer 140 changes atthe boundary point at which the inner surface of the first part 140 a ofthe first gate spacer 140 and the inner surface of the second part 140 bof the first gate spacer 140 meet. However, the inner surface of thefirst part 140 a of the first gate spacer 140 and the inner surface ofthe second part 140 b of the first gate spacer 140 have a continuousprofile. In other words, there is no step between them.

The first part 140 a of the first gate spacer 140 has a height of h1,and the second part 140 b of the first gate spacer 140 has a height ofh2. In the semiconductor devices according to embodiments of the presentinventive concepts, a height h1 of the first part 140 a of the firstgate spacer 140 is greater than a height h2 of the second part 140 b ofthe first gate spacer 140.

Since the inner surface of the first part 140 a of the first gate spacer140 has a slope of an acute angle, a width w of the first trench 145defined by the first part 140 a of the first gate spacer 140 graduallydecreases as the inner surface of the first part 140 a of the first gatespacer 140 becomes distant from the substrate 100.

Conversely, since the inner surface of the second part 140 b of thefirst gate spacer 140 has a slope of an obtuse angle, a width w of thefirst trench 145 defined by the second part 140 b of the first gatespacer 140 gradually increases as the inner surface of the first part140 a of the first gate spacer 140 becomes distant from the substrate100.

Referring to FIG. 2, the first gate spacer 140 may further includes athird part 140 c positioned on the second part 140 b of the first gatespacer 140. That is to say, the first to third parts 140 a, 140 b and140 c of the first gate spacer 140 are sequentially positioned on thesubstrate 100.

The second part 140 b of the first gate spacer 140 and the third part140 c of the first gate spacer 140 may be connected to each other.However, the inner surface of the second part 140 b of the first gatespacer 140 and an inner surface of the third part 140 c of the firstgate spacer 140 have a discontinuous profile. In other words, a step ispresent between them.

The second part 140 b of the first gate spacer 140 and the third part140 c of the first gate spacer 140 may have a terrace shape.

By terrace surface, the inner surface of the second part 140 b of thefirst gate spacer 140 and the inner surface of the third part 140 c ofthe first gate spacer 140 have a discontinuous profile by the terracesurface.

Since the inner surface of the second part 140 b of the first gatespacer 140 and the inner surface of the third part 140 c of the firstgate spacer 140 have a discontinuous profile, the width w of the firsttrench 145 defined by the second part 140 b of the first gate spacer 140is different from the width w of the first trench 145 defined by thethird part 140 c of the first gate spacer 140 at a boundary point atwhich the second part 140 b of the first gate spacer 140 and the thirdpart 140 c meet. In the semiconductor device according to the firstembodiment of the present inventive concepts, the width w of the firsttrench 145 defined by the third part 140 c of the first gate spacer 140is greater than the width w of the first trench 145 defined by thesecond part 140 b of the first gate spacer 140.

The inner surface of the first gate spacer 140 includes a first point, asecond point and a third point sequentially disposed away from thesubstrate 100. The first point is positioned on the inner surface of thefirst part 140 a of the first gate spacer 140. The second point is apoint at which the first part 140 a of the first gate spacer 140 and thesecond part 140 b of the first gate spacer 140 are connected to eachother. That is to say, the second point is a point at which the slope ofthe inner surface of the first gate spacer 140 changes from an acuteangle to an obtuse angle. The third point is positioned on the innersurface of the second part 140 b of the first gate spacer 140 or theinner surface of the third part 140 c. In FIG. 2, the third pointpositioned on the inner surface of the third part 140 c of the firstgate spacer 140, but aspects of the present inventive concepts are notlimited thereto.

At the first point, the width w of the first trench 145 is w1. At thesecond point, the width w of the first trench 145 is w2. At the thirdpoint, the width w of the first trench 145 is w3. In the semiconductordevice according to the first embodiment of the present inventiveconcepts, the width w1 of the first trench 145 at the first point isgreater than the width w2 of the first trench 145 at the second point.In addition, the width w3 of the first trench 145 at the third point isgreater than the width w2 of the first trench 145 at the second point.That is to say, the width w2 of the first trench 145 is narrowest at thesecond point at which the slope of the inner surface of the first gatespacer 140 changes from an angle to an obtuse angle. The distancebetween the inner surfaces of the first gate spacer 140 is closest atthe second point.

Referring to FIG. 3A, the first lower gate electrode 120 is formed alongthe side surfaces 145 w and bottom surface 145 f of the first trench 145defined by the first gate spacer 140.

The first lower gate electrode 120 includes a bottom surface 120 bformed on a bottom 145 f of the first trench 145 and side surfaces 120 sformed on the side surfaces 145 w of the first trench 145. The bottomsurface 120 b of the first lower gate electrode 120 is formed along thetop surface of the substrate 100, and the side surfaces 120 s of thefirst lower gate electrode 120 is formed along the inner surface of thefirst gate spacer 140. The side surfaces 120 s of the first lower gateelectrode 120 are connected to the bottom surface 120 b of the firstlower gate electrode 120.

The side surfaces 120 s of the first lower gate electrode 120 include afirst part 120 s-1, a second part 120 s-2 and a third part 120 s-3. Thefirst part 120 s-1 of the side surface 120 s of the first lower gateelectrode 120 is positioned to be closest to the substrate 100. That isto say, the first part 120 s-1 is connected to the bottom surface 120 bof the first lower gate electrode 120.

Since the first part 120 s-1 of the side surfaces 120 s of the firstlower gate electrode 120 has a slope θ3 of an acute angle, and thesecond part 120 s-2 has a slope θ4 of an obtuse angle. Since the firstpart 120 s-1 is formed along the inner surface of the first part 140 aof the first gate spacer 140, the first part 120 s-1 has a slope of anacute angle. Conversely, since the second part 120 s-2 is formed alongthe inner surface of the second part 140 b of the first gate spacer 140,the second part 120 s-2 has a slope of an obtuse angle. The third part120 s-3 is formed along the third part 140 c of the first gate spacer140.

Since the side surfaces 120 s of the first lower gate electrode 120 areformed along the inner surface of the first gate spacer 140, the sidesurfaces 120 s of the first lower gate electrode 120 face each other.

The side surfaces 120 s of the first lower gate electrode 120 has afourth point, a fifth point and a sixth point sequentially disposed tobe away from the substrate 100. The fourth point is positioned on thefirst part 120 s-1. The fifth point is a point at which the first part120 s-1 and the second part 120 s-2 are connected to each other. That isto say, the fifth point is a point at which the slope of the sidesurfaces 120 s of the first lower gate electrode 120 changes from anacute angle to an obtuse angle. The sixth point is positioned on thesecond part 120 s-2 or the third part 120 s-3. In FIG. 2, the sixthpoint is positioned on the third part 120 s-3 of the side surfaces 120 sof the first lower gate electrode 120, but aspects of the presentinventive concepts are not limited thereto.

At the fourth point, a distance between the facing side surfaces 120 sof the first lower gate electrode 120 is L1. At the fifth point, adistance between the facing side surfaces 120 s of the first lower gateelectrode 120 is L2. At the sixth point, a distance between the facingside surfaces 120 s of the first lower gate electrode 120 is L3. In thesemiconductor device 1 according to the first embodiment of the presentinventive concepts, the distance L1 between the side surfaces 120 s ofthe first lower gate electrode 120 at the fourth point is greater thanthe distance L2 between the side surfaces 120 s of the first lower gateelectrode 120 at the fifth point. In addition, the distance L3 betweenthe side surfaces 120 s of the first lower gate electrode 120 at thesixth point is greater than the distance L2 between the side surfaces120 s of the first lower gate electrode 120 at the fifth point. That isto say, at the fifth point at which the slope of the side surfaces 120 sof the first lower gate electrode 120 changes from an acute angle to anobtuse angle, the facing side surfaces 120 s of the first lower gateelectrode 120 are closest to each other.

Referring to FIG. 3B, the first upper gate electrode 130 fills a portionof the first trench 145 defined by the first gate spacer 140.

The side surfaces of the first upper gate electrode 130 havesubstantially the same shapes as the first lower gate electrode 120formed on the side surfaces of the first trench 145. That is to say, theside surfaces of the first upper gate electrode 130 may include a parthaving a slope of an acute angle and a part having a slope of an obtuseangle.

The first upper gate electrode 130 may include a first part 130 a and asecond part 130 b. The first part 130 a of the first upper gateelectrode 130 is closer to the substrate 100 than the second part 130 bof the first upper gate electrode 130.

The first part 130 a of the first upper gate electrode 130 is positionedbetween the first part 140 a of the first gate spacer 140. The secondpart 130 b of the first upper gate electrode 130 is positioned betweenpoints at which the slopes of the side surfaces of the first lower gateelectrode 120 change from an acute angle to an obtuse angle.

A width of the first part 130 a of the first upper gate electrode 130 isgreater than a width of the second part 130 b of the first upper gateelectrode 130.

The first upper gate electrode 130 further includes a third part 130 c.The second part 130 b of the first upper gate electrode 130 is closer tothe substrate 100 than the third part 130 c of the first upper gateelectrode 130.

The width of the third part 130 c of the first upper gate electrode 130is greater than the width of the second part 130 b of the first uppergate electrode 130.

In conclusion, the width of the first part 130 a of the first upper gateelectrode 130 is greater than the width of the second part 130 b of thefirst upper gate electrode 130, and the width of the third part 130 c ofthe first upper gate electrode 130 is greater than the width of thesecond part 130 b of the first upper gate electrode 130. In other words,the width of the first upper gate electrode 130 decreases to reach agiven point to then increase again.

In the semiconductor devices according to the embodiments of the presentinventive concepts, widths of the first gate electrodes 120 and 130gradually decrease to reach a predetermined height of the substrate 100.However, the widths of the first gate electrodes 120 and 130 increaseagain after passing points at which the widths of the first gateelectrodes 120 and 130 become smallest.

In the semiconductor devices according to the embodiments of the presentinventive concepts, the first gate electrodes 120 and 130 may includeboth of trapezoidal parts and inversely trapezoidal parts.

FIGS. 1A-3B also illustrate other aspects of the present inventiveconcepts. Specifically, these figures illustrate a semiconductor devicethat comprises a layer, such as the first gate spacer 140, on asubstrate 100. The layer, includes a trench 145 therein, that comprisesa trench opening 145 o remote from the substrate, a trench floor orbottom 145 f adjacent the substrate 100, and a trench side or wall 145 wbetween the trench opening 145 o and the trench floor 145 f. Asillustrated in these figures, the trench wall 145 w is pinched relativeto the trench opening 145 o and the trench floor 145 f. A conductivelayer 135, which may include the first upper gate electrode 130 and/orthe first lower gate electrode 120, is also provided in the trench 145.The conductive layer 135 includes a conductive layer top 135 t adjacentthe trench opening 145 o, a conductive layer bottom 135 b adjacent thetrench floor 145 f and a conductive layer wall 135 w between theconductive layer top 135 t and the conductive layer bottom 135 b. Theconductive layer wall 135 w is also pinched relative to the conductivelayer top 135 t and the conductive layer bottom 135 b. Moreover, theconductive layer top 135 t may be recessed from the trench opening 145o, and the semiconductor device may further comprise a second conductivelayer, such as the first capping pattern 150, in the trench 145 on theconductive layer top 135 t, and extending to the trench opening 145 o.Moreover, in some embodiments, the layer 140 is a unitary insulatinglayer. These aspects are also illustrated in the figures which follow.

The following embodiment shown in FIGS. 4 to 6 will now be described,except for a contact passing through an interlayer insulation film.

A semiconductor device according to a second embodiment of the presentinventive concepts will be described with reference to FIG. 4. For thesake of convenient explanation, the following description will focus ondifferences between the semiconductor device shown in FIG. 1A and thesemiconductor device shown in FIG. 4.

FIG. 4 illustrates a semiconductor device according to a secondembodiment of the present inventive concepts.

Referring to FIG. 4, the first gate insulation film 110 is formed alongportions of side surfaces 145 w and a bottom surface 145 f of the firsttrench 145. The first lower gate electrode 120 is formed along the firstgate insulation film 110. The first lower gate electrode 120 may includea first film 122 and a second film 124.

A first gate insulation film 110 formed on the side surfaces 145 w ofthe first trench 145 may extend from the first part 140 a of the firstgate spacer 140 to the second part 140 b of the first gate spacer 140.The first gate insulation film 110 formed on the side surfaces 145 w ofthe first trench 145 may not contact the first capping pattern 150 butmay be spaced apart from the first capping pattern 150 in a thickness ofa substrate 100. In FIG. 4, the first gate insulation film 110 notextending up to the third part 140 c of the first gate spacer 140 isillustrated, but aspects of the present inventive concepts are notlimited thereto. That is to say, a portion of the first lower gateelectrode 120 formed on the side surfaces 145 w of the first trench 145may overlap with a portion of the third part 140 c of the first gatespacer 140.

The first film 122 and the second film 124 included in the first lowergate electrode 120 are sequentially stacked on the first gate insulationfilm 110. The first film 122 of the first lower gate electrode 120 maybe, for example, a p type work function control film, and the secondfilm 124 of the first lower gate electrode 120 may be, for example, an ntype work function control film.

Portions of the first film 122 of the first lower gate electrode 120,which are formed on the side surfaces 145 w of the first trench 145, mayextend from the first part 140 a of the first gate spacer 140 to thesecond part 140 b of the first gate spacer 140. The first film 122 ofthe first lower gate electrode 120 may not contact the first cappingpattern 150 but may be spaced apart from the first capping pattern 150in the thickness direction of the substrate 100. In FIG. 4, the firstfilm 122 of the first lower gate electrode 120 not extending up to thethird part 140 c of the first gate spacer 140 is exemplified, butaspects of the present inventive concepts are not limited thereto. Thatis to say, the portions of the first film 122 of the first lower gateelectrode 120, which are formed on the side surfaces 145 w of the firsttrench 145, may overlap with a portion of the third part 140 c of thefirst gate spacer 140. However, the first film 122 of the first lowergate electrode 120 may be formed to have any shape without particularlimitation so long as it is spaced apart from the first capping pattern150 without making contact with the first capping pattern 150. In otherwords, an uppermost surface 122 u of the first film 122 of the firstlower gate electrode 120 is spaced apart from the first capping pattern150.

Portions of the second film 124 of the first lower gate electrode 120,which are formed on the side surfaces 145 w of the first trench 145, mayextend from the first part 140 a of the first gate spacer 140 to aportion of the third part 140 c of the first gate spacer 140. That is tosay, the second film 124 of the first lower gate electrode 120, whichare formed on the side surfaces of the first trench 145, overlaps with aportion of the third part 140 c of the first gate spacer 140. At theportion where the first film 122 of the first lower gate electrode 120is formed, the second film 124 of the first lower gate electrode 120 isformed along the first film 122 of the first lower gate electrode 120.However, at the portion where the first film 122 of the first lower gateelectrode 120 is not formed, the second film 124 of the first lower gateelectrode 120 is formed along the side surfaces of the first gate spacer140.

In some embodiments, the second film 124 of the first lower gateelectrode 120 entirely covers the first film 122 of the first lower gateelectrode 120. In other words, in some embodiments, the second film 124of the first lower gate electrode 120 covers the uppermost surface 122 uof the first film 122 of the first lower gate electrode 120.

A semiconductor device according to a third embodiment of the presentinventive concepts will be described with reference to FIG. 5. For thesake of convenient explanation, the following description will focus ondifferences between the semiconductor device shown in FIG. 1A and thesemiconductor device shown in FIG. 5.

FIG. 5 illustrates a semiconductor device according to a thirdembodiment of the present inventive concepts.

Referring to FIG. 5, a first gate spacer 140 includes a first part 140a, a second part 140 b and a third part 140 c sequentially positioned onthe substrate 100.

The inner surface of the first part 140 a of the first gate spacer 140has a slope of an acute angle. The inner surface of the second part 140b of the first gate spacer 140 has a slope of a right angle. That is tosay, the inner surface of the second part 140 b of the first gate spacer140 is parallel to a normal of the substrate 100.

In FIG. 5, the inner surface of the second part 140 b of the first gatespacer 140 having a slope of a right angle is directly connected to thethird part 140 c of the first gate spacer 140, but aspects of thepresent inventive concepts are not limited thereto. That is to say, thefirst gate spacer 140 may further include a part of the inner surfacehaving a slope of an obtuse angle between the second part 140 b of thefirst gate spacer 140 and the third part 140 c of the first gate spacer140.

In the semiconductor device according to the third embodiment of thepresent inventive concepts, the first trench 145 defined by the secondpart 140 b of the first gate spacer 140 may have a constant a width w.

In the semiconductor device according to the third embodiment of thepresent inventive concepts, the first lower gate electrode 120 formedalong the second part 140 b of the first gate spacer 140 may have aconstant width.

A semiconductor device according to a fourth embodiment of the presentinventive concepts will be described with reference to FIG. 6. For thesake of convenient explanation, the following description will focus ondifferences between the semiconductor device shown in FIG. 1A and thesemiconductor device shown in FIG. 6

FIG. 6 illustrates a semiconductor device according to a fourthembodiment of the present inventive concepts.

Referring to FIG. 6, a first gate spacer 140 includes a first part 140 aand a second part 140 b sequentially positioned on a substrate.

An inner surface of the first part 140 a of the first gate spacer 140and an inner surface of the second part 140 b of the first gate spacer140 have a continuous profile. In addition, the profile of the innersurface of the first gate spacer 140 is entirely continuous. That is tosay, the inner surface of the first gate spacer 140 does not have aterrace surface.

A first gate insulation film 110 and a first lower gate electrode 120formed on side surfaces of a first trench 145 may extend from the firstpart 140 a of the first gate spacer 140 to a portion of the second part140 b of the first gate spacer 140.

The first capping pattern 150 fills the remaining portion of the firsttrench 145 partially filled by the first gate electrodes 120 and 130.The first capping pattern 150 may not overlap with the first part 140 aof the first gate spacer 140 but may overlap with a portion of thesecond part 140 b of the first gate spacer 140, on the inner surface ofthe first gate spacer 140.

A semiconductor device according to a fifth embodiment of the presentinventive concepts will be described with reference to FIG. 7. For thesake of convenient explanation, the following description will focus ondifferences between the semiconductor device shown in FIGS. 1A 1B andthe semiconductor device shown in FIG. 7.

FIG. 7 illustrates a semiconductor device according to a fifthembodiment of the present inventive concepts.

Referring to FIG. 7, a top surface of a first upper gate electrode 130and an uppermost surface of a first lower gate electrode 120 arecoplanar with a top surface of a first interlayer insulation film 182.That is to say, a first capping pattern (150 of FIG. 1A) filling aportion of a first trench 145 may not be formed on the first upper gateelectrode 130 and the first lower gate electrode 120.

The first lower gate electrode 120 is formed along side surfaces and abottom surface of the first trench 145. The first lower gate electrode120 formed on the side surfaces 145 w of the first trench 145 extendsfrom the first part 140 a of the first gate spacer 140 to the third part140 c of the first gate spacer 140. That is to say, the first lower gateelectrode 120 may entirely overlap with the first gate spacer 140 on theinner surface of the first gate spacer 140.

Unlike in FIG. 1B, in the semiconductor device according to the fifthembodiment of the present inventive concepts, the first gate electrodes120 and 130 and the first gate spacer 140 serving as a guide in forminga self aligned contact may not be formed.

A semiconductor device according to the sixth embodiment of the presentinventive concepts will be described with reference to FIG. 8. For thesake of convenient explanation, descriptions of overlapping content fromthe first to fifth embodiments shown in FIGS. 1A to 7 will be brieflymade or omitted.

FIG. 8 illustrates a semiconductor device according to a sixthembodiment of the present inventive concepts.

Referring to FIG. 8, semiconductor device 6 according to the sixthembodiment of the present inventive concepts includes a second gatespacer 240, a third gate spacer 340, a second trench 245, a third trench345, a second lower gate electrode 220, a third lower gate electrode320, a second upper gate electrode 230, a third upper gate electrode330, a second capping pattern 250 and a third capping pattern 350.

A substrate 100 may include a first region I and a second region II. Thefirst region I and the second region II may be disconnected from eachother or, may be connected to each other. In the semiconductor deviceaccording to the sixth embodiment of the present inventive concepts, thefirst region I may be a region where an NMOS device is formed, and thesecond region II may be a region where a PMOS device is formed.

The second gate spacer 240 and the third gate spacer 340 are formed onthe first region I and the second region II of the substrate 100.Therefore, the second trench 245 defined by the second gate spacer 240is positioned on the first region I, and the third trench 345 defined bythe third gate spacer 340 is positioned on the second region II.

The second gate spacer 240 may include a first part 240 a, a second part240 b and a third part 240 c sequentially positioned on the substrate100 of the first region I. The third gate spacer 340 may include a firstpart 340 a, a second part 340 b and a third part 340 c sequentiallypositioned on the substrate 100 of the second region II.

The inner surface of the first part 240 a of the second gate spacer 240and the inner surface of the first part 340 a of the third gate spacer340 may have a slope of an acute angle. However, the inner surface ofthe second part 240 b of the second gate spacer 240 and the innersurface of the second part 340 b of the third gate spacer 340 may have aslope of an obtuse angle or a right angle. In FIG. 8, the inner surfaceof the second part 240 b of the second gate spacer 240 and the innersurface of the second part 340 b of the third gate spacer 340 having aslope of an obtuse angle are illustrated, but aspects of the presentinventive concepts are not limited thereto.

The inner surface of the first part 240 a of the second gate spacer 240and the inner surface of the second part 240 b of the second gate spacer240 have a continuous profile. However, the inner surface of the secondpart 240 b of the second gate spacer 240 and the inner surface of thethird part 240 c of the second gate spacer 240 have a discontinuousprofile. The profile of the inner surface of the second gate spacer 240has a continuous part and a discontinuous part.

Likewise, the inner surface of the second part 340 b of the third gatespacer 340 and an inner surface of the first part 340 a of the thirdgate spacer 340 have a continuous profile, and the inner surface of thesecond part 340 b of the third gate spacer 340 and the inner surface ofthe third part 340 c of the third gate spacer 340 have a discontinuousprofile.

The second gate insulation film 210 is formed along portions of sidesurfaces and a bottom surface of the second trench 245, and the thirdgate insulation film 310 is formed along portions of side surfaces and abottom surface of the third trench 345. The second gate insulation film210 and the third gate insulation film 310 formed on the side surfacesof the second trench 245 and the side surfaces of the third trench 345overlap with a portion of the third part 240 c of the second gate spacer240 and a portion of the third part 340 c of the third gate spacer 340.

The second lower gate electrode 220 is formed along the portions of theside surfaces and the bottom surface of the second trench 245 on thesecond gate insulation film 210. That is to say, the second lower gateelectrode 220 formed on the side surfaces of the second trench 245overlaps a portion of the third part 240 c of the second gate spacer240.

The second lower gate electrode 220 may include a first n type workfunction control film but may not include a p type work function controlfilm.

The third lower gate electrode 320 may include a first film 322 and asecond film 324. The first film 322 of the third lower gate electrode320 may include a p type work function control film, and the second film324 of the third lower gate electrode 320 may include a second n typework function control film. The first n type work function control filmincluded in the second lower gate electrode 220 and the second n typework function control film included in the third lower gate electrode320 are formed on the same level. Here, the expression “the same level”means that two elements or layers are formed by the same fabricatingprocess.

The first film 322 of the third lower gate electrode 320 is formed alongthe portions of the side surfaces and bottom surface of the secondtrench 245 on the third gate insulation film 310. The second film 324 ofthe third lower gate electrode 320 is formed along the first film 322 ofthe third lower gate electrode 320. That is to say, the first film 322and the second film 324 of the third lower gate electrode 320 formed onthe side surfaces of the third trench 345 may overlap with a portion ofthe third part 340 c of the third gate spacer 340.

The second film 324 of the third lower gate electrode 320 does not coveran uppermost surface of the first film 322 of the third lower gateelectrode 320. The second film 324 of the third lower gate electrode 320does not entirely cover the first film 322 of the third lower gateelectrode 320.

A thickness of the third lower gate electrode 320 formed along the sidesurfaces and bottom surface of the third trench 345 is greater than thatof the second lower gate electrode 220 by a thickness of the first film322 of the third lower gate electrode 320.

The second upper gate electrode 230 and the third upper gate electrode330 are formed on the second lower gate electrode 220 and the thirdlower gate electrode 320, respectively. The second upper gate electrode230 and the third upper gate electrode 330 may fill a portion of thesecond trench 245 and at least a portion of the third trench 345,respectively. That is to say, the second upper gate electrode 230 andthe third upper gate electrode 330 may be a first filling gate electrodeand a second filling gate electrode, respectively.

In conclusion, the second gate electrodes 220 and 230 and the third gateelectrodes 320 and 330 may fill at least portions of the second trench245 and the third trench 345, respectively.

In the semiconductor device according to the sixth embodiment of thepresent inventive concepts, the second gate electrodes 220 and 230 andthe third gate electrodes 320 and 330 fill portions of the second trench245 and the third trench 345.

The second capping pattern 250 the third capping pattern 350 are formedon the second gate electrodes 220 and 230 and the third gate electrodes320 and 330, respectively. The second capping pattern 250 and the thirdcapping pattern 350 are formed by filling the portions of the secondtrench 245 and the third trench 345, respectively. That is to say, thesecond capping pattern 250 may fill the portions remaining after thesecond gate electrodes 220 and 230 fill the second trench 245.

Here, the semiconductor device 6 may further include self-alignedcontacts adjacent to the second gate spacer 240 and the third gatespacer 340, respectively.

A semiconductor device according to a seventh embodiment of the presentinventive concepts will be described with reference to FIG. 9. For thesake of convenient explanation, the following description will focus ondifferences between the semiconductor device shown in FIG. 8 and thesemiconductor device shown in FIG. 9.

FIG. 9 illustrates a semiconductor device according to a seventhembodiment of the present inventive concepts.

Referring to FIG. 9, a second gate insulation film 210 is formed alongportions of side surfaces and a bottom surface of a second trench 245. Athird gate insulation film 310 is formed along portions of side surfacesand a bottom surface of a third trench 345.

The second gate insulation film 210 formed on the side surfaces of thesecond trench 245 may extend from a first part 240 a of a second gatespacer 240 to a second part 240 b of the second gate spacer 240. Thethird gate insulation film 310 formed on the side surfaces of the thirdtrench 345 may extend from a first part 340 a of the third gate spacer340 to a second part 340 b of the third gate spacer 340. Unlike in FIG.9, the second gate insulation film 210 and/or the third gate insulationfilm 310 formed on the side surfaces of the second trench 245 and thethird trench 345 may overlap with a portion of a third part 240 c of thesecond gate spacer 240 and a portion of the third part 340 c of thethird gate spacer 340.

Portions of a first film 322 of the third lower gate electrode 320,which are formed on the side surfaces of the third trench 345, mayextend from the first part 340 a of the third gate spacer 340 to thesecond part 340 b of the third gate spacer 340. The first film 322 ofthe third lower gate electrode 320 may not contact a third cappingpattern 350 but may be spaced apart from the third capping pattern 350in a thickness direction of a substrate 100.

A second film 324 of the third lower gate electrode 320 entirely coversthe first film 322 of the third lower gate electrode 320. In otherwords, the second film 324 of the third lower gate electrode 320 coversan uppermost surface 322 u of the first film 322 of the third lower gateelectrode 320.

A semiconductor device according to an eighth embodiment of the presentinventive concepts will be described with reference to FIG. 10. For thesake of convenient explanation, the following description will focus ondifferences between the semiconductor device shown in FIG. 8 and thesemiconductor device shown in FIG. 10.

FIG. 10 illustrates a semiconductor device according to an eighthembodiment of the present inventive concepts.

Referring to FIG. 10, an uppermost surface of a second upper gateelectrode 230 and an uppermost surface of a second lower gate electrode220 are coplanar with an uppermost surface of a first interlayerinsulation film 182. In addition, an uppermost surface of a third uppergate electrode 330 and an uppermost surface of a third lower gateelectrode 320 are coplanar with an uppermost surface of a firstinterlayer insulation film 182.

The uppermost surfaces of the second gate electrodes 220 and 230 and theuppermost surfaces of the third gate electrodes 320 and 330 are notrecessed from the top surface of the first interlayer insulation film182. Therefore, the second gate electrodes 220 and 230 and the thirdgate electrodes 320 and 330 may entirely fill a second trench 245 and athird trench 345, respectively.

A second capping pattern (250 of FIG. 8) and a third capping pattern(350 of FIG. 8) filling a portion of the second trench 245 and a portionof the third trench 345 are not formed on the second gate electrodes 220and 230 and the third gate electrodes 320 and 330, respectively.

A semiconductor device according to a ninth embodiment of the presentinventive concepts will be described with reference to FIG. 11. For thesake of convenient explanation, the following description will focus ondifferences between the semiconductor device shown in FIG. 8 and thesemiconductor device shown in FIG. 11.

FIG. 11 illustrates a semiconductor device according to a ninthembodiment of the present inventive concepts.

Referring to FIG. 11, in a first region I, second gate electrodes 220and 230 include a second lower gate electrode 220 formed along at leastportions of side surfaces and a bottom surface of a second trench 245,and a second upper gate electrode 230 filling at least a portion of thesecond trench 245 on the second lower gate electrode 220.

That is to say, the second upper gate electrode 230 as a filling gateelectrode is formed in the first region I.

In a second region II, a third gate electrode 320 includes a first film322 formed along at least portions of side surfaces and a bottom surfaceof a third trench 345, and a second film 324 filling at least a portionof the second trench 245 on the first film 322.

However, the third gate electrode 320 disposed on the second region IIdoes not include the second upper gate electrode 230, that is, thefilling gate electrode, included in the second gate electrodes 220 and230 of the first region I.

A semiconductor device according to a tenth embodiment of the presentinventive concepts will be described with reference to FIGS. 12 and 13.For the sake of convenient explanation, descriptions of overlappingcontent from the first embodiment shown in FIG. 1A will be briefly madeor omitted.

FIG. 12 is a perspective view illustrating a semiconductor deviceaccording to a tenth embodiment of the present inventive concepts andFIG. 13 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line A-A of FIG. 12.For brevity, a first interlayer insulation film 182 is not illustratedin FIG. 12, and a second contact 480 is not illustrated in FIG. 13.

Referring to FIGS. 12 and 13, the semiconductor device 10 according tothe tenth embodiment of the present inventive concepts includes asubstrate 100, a fin type active pattern 405, a fourth gate spacer 440,a fourth trench 445, a fourth lower gate electrode 420, a fourth uppergate electrode 430, a fourth capping pattern 450 and a second contact480.

The fin type active pattern 405 may protrude from the substrate 100.Since a field insulation film 105 covers portions of side surfaces ofthe fin type active pattern 405, the fin type active pattern 405 mayprotrude on the field insulation film 105 formed on the substrate 100.

The fin type active pattern 405 may extend lengthwise in a firstdirection X. The fin type active pattern 405 may be part of thesubstrate 100 and may include an epitaxial layer grown from thesubstrate 100.

The fin type active pattern 405 may include, for example, a singleelement semiconductor, such as silicon and/or germanium. Alternatively,the fin type active pattern 405 may include a compound semiconductor,for example, a group IV-IV compound semiconductor and/or a group III-Vcompound semiconductor. In detail, the group IV-IV compoundsemiconductor may be, for example, a binary compound or a ternarycompound including at least two elements of carbon (C), silicon (Si),germanium (Ge), and tin (Sn) or a compound doped with a IV groupelement. The group III-V compound semiconductor may include, forexample, a binary compound, a ternary compound or a quaternary compound,prepared by combining at least one group III element of aluminum (Al),gallium (Ga) and indium (In) with at least one group V element ofphosphorus (P), arsenic (As) and antimony (Sb).

In the semiconductor device according to the tenth embodiment of thepresent inventive concepts, it is assumed that the fin type activepattern 405 includes silicon.

The fourth gate spacer 440 is formed on the fin type active pattern 405protruding on the field insulation film 105. The fourth gate spacer 440may extend lengthwise in a second direction Y and may cross the fin typeactive pattern 405.

The fourth gate spacer 440 may include a first part 440 a, a second part440 b and a third part 440 c sequentially positioned on the fieldinsulation film 105.

An inner surface of the first part 440 a of the fourth gate spacer 440has a slope of an acute angle. However, an inner surface of the secondpart 440 b of the fourth gate spacer 440 has a slope of an obtuse angleor a right angle. In FIGS. 12 and 13, the inner surface of the secondpart 440 b of the fourth gate spacer 440 having a slope of an obtuseangle is exemplified, but aspects of the present inventive concepts arenot limited thereto.

The inner surface of the first part 440 a of the fourth gate spacer 440and the inner surface of the second part 440 b of the fourth gate spacer440 have a continuous profile. However, the inner surface of the secondpart 440 b of the fourth gate spacer 440 and the inner surface of athird part 440 c of the fourth gate spacer 440 have a discontinuousprofile. The profile of the inner surface of the fourth gate spacer 440has a continuous part and a discontinuous part.

A height of the first part 440 a of the fourth gate spacer 440 isgreater than a height ranging from a top surface of the field insulationfilm 105 to a top surface of the fin type active pattern 405. That is tosay, the height of the first part 440 a of the fourth gate spacer 440 isgreater than a height of the fin type active pattern 405 protruding onthe field insulation film 105.

A height of the first part 440 a of the fourth gate spacer 440positioned on the fin type active pattern 405 is greater than a heightof the first part 440 a of the fourth gate spacer 440 positioned on thefield insulation film 105. For example, a difference between the heightof the first part 440 a of the fourth gate spacer 440 positioned on thefin type active pattern 405 and the height of the first part 440 a ofthe fourth gate spacer 440 positioned on the field insulation film 105is substantially equal to the height of the fin type active pattern 405protruding on the field insulation film 405.

Since the fourth trench 445 is defined by the fourth gate spacer 440, itmay extend lengthwise in a second direction Y.

The fourth gate insulation film 410 is formed along at least portions ofside surfaces and a bottom surface of the fourth trench 445. The fourthgate insulation film 410 formed along the bottom surface of the fourthtrench 445 may be formed along profiles of the field insulation film 105and the fin type active pattern 405.

The fourth lower gate electrode 420 is formed on the fourth gateinsulation film 410. The fourth lower gate electrode 420 is formed alongthe fourth gate insulation film 410. The fourth lower gate electrode 420formed on the side surfaces of the fourth trench 445 may overlap with aportion of the third part 440 c of the fourth gate spacer 440.

The fourth lower gate electrode 420 may include an n type work functioncontrol film, or may include a stack of a p type work function controlfilm and an n type work function control film.

The fourth upper gate electrode 430 is formed on the fourth lower gateelectrode 420. The fourth upper gate electrode 430 fills at least aportion of the fourth trench 445. A top surface of the fourth upper gateelectrode 430 and an uppermost surface of the fourth lower gateelectrode 420 may be coplanar with each other.

The fourth gate electrodes 420 and 430 include a fourth lower gateelectrode 420 and a fourth upper gate electrode 430. Top surfaces of thefourth gate electrodes 420 and 430 are recessed from a top surface ofthe first interlayer insulation film 182. That is to say, the fourthgate electrodes 420 and 430 fill at least portions of the fourth trench445. The fourth gate electrodes 420 and 430 may be replacement metalgate electrodes.

The fourth capping pattern 450 is formed on the fourth upper gateelectrode 430 and the fourth lower gate electrode 420. In thesemiconductor device according to the ninth embodiment of the presentinventive concepts, the fourth gate electrodes 420 and 430 fill portionsof the fourth trench 445. Therefore, the fourth capping pattern 450 isformed by filling the portions of the fourth trench 445. The top surfaceof the fourth capping pattern 450 may be coplanar with the top surfaceof the fourth gate spacer 440.

An elevated source/drain 407 may be formed on at both sides of thefourth upper gate electrode 430 on the fin type active pattern 405. Thatis to say, the elevated source/drain 407 may be formed on side surfacesof the fourth gate spacer 440.

The elevated source/drain 407 may have various shapes. For example, theelevated source/drain 407 may have a shape of a diamond, a circle and/ora rectangle. In FIG. 12, the elevated source/drain 407 shaped of adiamond (or a pentagon or a hexagon) is exemplified.

When the semiconductor device 10 is a PMOS fin type transistor, theelevated source/drain 407 may include a compressive stress material. Forexample, when the fin type active pattern 405 includes silicon, thecompressive stress material may be a material having a greater latticeconstant than silicon (Si), e.g., SiGe. The compressive stress materialmay improve mobility of carriers of a channel region by applyingcompressive stress to the fin type active pattern 405.

However, when the semiconductor device 10 is an NMOS fin typetransistor, the elevated source/drain 407 may include the same materialwith the fin type active pattern 405 or a tensile stress material. Forexample, when the fin type active pattern 405 includes silicon (Si), theelevated source/drain 407 may include silicon or a material having asmaller lattice constant than silicon, e.g., SiC.

The second contact 480 may be formed to be adjacent to the fourth gatespacer 440. The second contact 480 may be electrically connected to theelevated source/drain 407. The second contact 480 may be, for example, aself-aligned contact, but not limited thereto.

A semiconductor device according to an eleventh embodiment of thepresent inventive concepts will be described with reference to FIGS. 14and 15. For the sake of convenient explanation, the followingdescription will focus on differences between the semiconductor deviceshown in FIGS. 12 and 13 and the semiconductor device shown in FIGS. 14and 15.

FIG. 14 is a perspective view illustrating a semiconductor deviceaccording to an eleventh embodiment of the present inventive conceptsand FIG. 15 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line A-A of FIG.14.

Referring to FIGS. 14 and 15, the fourth lower gate electrode 420 mayinclude a first film 422 and a second film 424 sequentially formed on afourth gate insulation film 410.

The first film 422 of the fourth lower gate electrode 420 is formedalong the fourth gate insulation film 410. The first film 422 of thefourth lower gate electrode 420 formed on side surfaces of the fourthtrench 445 does not contact the fourth capping pattern 450 but is spacedapart from the fourth capping pattern 450 in a thickness direction ofthe substrate 100. In FIGS. 14 and 15, The first film 422 of the fourthlower gate electrode 420 formed on the side surfaces of the fourthtrench 445 extend to a first part 440 a of the fourth gate spacer 440and a second part 440 b of the fourth gate spacer 440, but aspects ofthe present inventive concepts are not limited thereto. The first film422 of the fourth lower gate electrode 420 formed on the fourth trench445 may overlap with a portion of the third part 440 c of the fourthgate spacer 440.

The second film 424 of the fourth lower gate electrode 420 may be formedalong the first film 422 of the fourth lower gate electrode 420 and thethird part 440 c of the fourth gate spacer 440. The second film 424 ofthe fourth lower gate electrode 420 may cover an uppermost surface 422 uof the first film 422 of the fourth lower gate electrode 420.

In FIGS. 14 and 15, the fourth gate insulation film 410 formed on sidesurfaces of the fourth trench 445 extends from the first part 440 a ofthe fourth gate spacer 440 to the second part 440 b of the fourth gatespacer 440 and is spaced apart from the fourth capping pattern 450 inthe thickness direction of the substrate 100, but aspects of the presentinventive concepts are not limited thereto.

A semiconductor device according to a twelfth embodiment of the presentinventive concepts will be described with reference to FIGS. 16 and 17.For the sake of convenient explanation, the following description willfocus on differences between the semiconductor device shown in FIGS. 12and 13 and the semiconductor device shown in FIGS. 14 and 15.

FIG. 16 is a perspective view illustrating a semiconductor deviceaccording to a twelfth embodiment of the present inventive concepts andFIG. 17 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line A-A of FIG. 16.

Referring to FIGS. 16 and 17, the semiconductor device 12 according tothe twelfth embodiment of the present inventive concepts does notinclude a fourth capping pattern (450 of FIG. 12). A top surface of afourth upper gate electrode 430 and an uppermost surface of a fourthlower gate electrode 420 is coplanar with a top surface of a firstinterlayer insulation film 182. That is to say, top surfaces of thefourth gate electrodes 420 and 430 are not recessed from the top surfaceof the first interlayer insulation film 182.

The fourth lower gate electrode 420 is formed along the side surfacesand bottom surface of the fourth trench 445. The fourth lower gateelectrode 420 formed along the side surfaces of the fourth trench 445extends from the first part 440 a of the fourth gate spacer 440 to thethird part 440 c of the fourth gate spacer 440. That is to say, thefourth lower gate electrode 420 may entirely overlap with the fourthgate spacer 440 on an inner surface of the fourth gate spacer 440.

Unlike in FIG. 12, in the semiconductor device according to the twelfthembodiment of the present inventive concepts, the fourth gate electrodes420 and 430 and the fourth gate spacer 440 serving as a guide in forminga self aligned contact may not be formed, but aspects of the presentinventive concepts are not limited thereto.

Moreover, FIGS. 12, 14 and 16 illustrate other embodiments of thepresent inventive concepts, wherein the fourth gate spacer 440 includesfirst and second opposing outer walls, and wherein the semiconductordevice further comprises a first source/drain region 407 on the firstouter wall remote from the fourth trench 445 and a second source/drainregion 407 on the second outer wall remote from the fourth trench 445.These figures also illustrate an active semiconductor region 405 thatextends from beneath the first source/drain region 407 to beneath thefloor of the fourth trench 445 and to beneath the second source/drainregion 407.

Next, an example electronic system using semiconductor devices accordingto some embodiments of the present inventive concepts shown in FIGS. 1Ato 17 will be described.

FIG. 18 is a block diagram of an electronic system includingsemiconductor devices according to some embodiments of the presentinventive concepts.

Referring to FIG. 18, the electronic system 1100 may include acontroller 1110, an input/output device (I/O) 1120, a memory 1130, aninterface 1140 and a bus 1150. The controller 1110, the I/O 1120, thememory 1130, and/or the interface 1140 may be connected to each otherthrough the bus 1150. The bus 1150 corresponds to a path through whichdata moves.

The controller 1110 may include a microprocessor, a digital signalprocessor, a microcontroller and/or logic elements capable of functionssimilar to those of these elements. The I/O 1120 may include a keypad, akeyboard and/or a display device. The memory 1130 may store data and/orcommands. The interface 1140 may perform functions of transmitting datato a communication network and/or receiving data from the communicationnetwork. The interface 1140 may be wired and/or wireless. For example,the interface 1140 may include an antenna and/or a wired/wirelesstransceiver, and so on. Although not shown, the electronic system 1100may further include high-speed DRAM and/or SRAM as the working memoryfor improving the operation of the controller 1110. In addition, one ofthe semiconductor devices according to some embodiments of the presentinventive concepts may be provided in the memory 1130 or may be providedsome components of the controller 1110, the I/O 1120, the memory 1130and/or the interface 1140.

The electronic system 1100 may be applied to a personal digitalassistant (PDA), a portable computer, a web tablet, a wireless phone, amobile phone, a digital music player, a memory card and/or any type ofelectronic device capable of transmitting and/or receiving informationin a wireless environment.

FIGS. 19 and 20 illustrate an exemplary semiconductor system to whichsemiconductor devices according to some embodiments of the presentinventive concepts can be employed. FIG. 19 illustrates an example inwhich a semiconductor device according to an embodiment of the presentinventive concepts is applied to a tablet PC, and FIG. 20 illustrates anexample in which a semiconductor device according to an embodiment ofthe present inventive concepts is applied to a notebook computer. Itwill be understood that the semiconductor devices according to someembodiments of the present inventive concepts may also be applied toother IC devices not illustrated herein.

Hereinafter, a method for fabricating the semiconductor device accordingto the first embodiment of the present inventive concepts will bedescribed with reference to FIGS. 21 to 29. The semiconductor deviceaccording to the fifth embodiment of the present inventive concepts mayalso be fabricated using the method shown in FIGS. 21 to 29.

FIGS. 21 to 29 illustrate intermediate process steps in a method forfabricating the semiconductor device according to the first embodimentof the present inventive concepts.

Referring to FIG. 21, a dummy gate insulation film 111 and a dummy gateelectrode 112 are formed on the substrate 100. The dummy gate insulationfilm 111 and the dummy gate electrode 112 may be sequentially stacked onthe substrate 100.

The dummy gate insulation film 111 may include silicon oxide and/orsilicon oxynitride. The dummy gate electrode 112 may include, forexample, silicon. In detail, the dummy gate electrode 112 may includepolycrystalline silicon (poly Si) and/or amorphous silicon (a-Si). Thefirst dummy gate electrode 117 may be undoped or doped with impurity.

Next, a first gate spacer 140 is formed on side surfaces of a stackedstructure of the dummy gate insulation film 111 and the dummy gateelectrode 112. The first gate spacer 140 may include an upper spacer(140 y of FIG. 25) and a lower spacer (140 x of FIG. 25).

After the first gate spacer 140 is formed, source/drain regions areformed at both sides of the dummy gate electrode 112.

Next, a first interlayer insulation film 182 covering the dummy gateelectrode 112 and the first gate spacer 140 is formed on the substrate100. The first interlayer insulation film 182 may include, for example,a low-k dielectric layer, an oxide layer and/or an oxynitride layer.

Next, the first interlayer insulation film 182 is planarized, therebyexposing a top surface of the dummy gate electrode 112 and the firstgate spacer 140. For example, in the planarizing, a chemical mechanicalpolishing (CMP) process may be used. As the result, the first interlayerinsulation film 182 surrounding the first gate spacer 140 and the dummygate electrode 112 is formed.

Referring to FIG. 22, a portion of the first interlayer insulation film182 is recessed, thereby allowing the first gate spacer 140 and thedummy gate electrode 112 to protrude on a top surface of the firstinterlayer insulation film 182.

In order to recess a portion of the first interlayer insulation film182, the first interlayer insulation film 182 includes a material havingsufficient etching selectivity with respect to the first gate spacer 140and the dummy gate electrode 112.

Next, a pre-etch stop film 22, covering the protruding first gate spacer140 and the dummy gate electrode 112 and the top surface of the firstinterlayer insulation film 182, is conformally formed.

The pre-etch stop film 22 may include a material having etchingselectivity with respect to the dummy gate electrode 112 and the firstgate spacer 140. For example, the pre-etch stop film 22 may includecarbon (C), nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), hydrogen (H) and/or silicon (Si).

The pre-etch stop film 22 may be a single layer including a materialhaving the same composition ratio as a whole. Alternatively, thepre-etch stop film 22 may be a graded layer including a material havinga composition ratio varying in the thickness direction of the substrate100. When the pre-etch stop film 22 is a graded layer, a portion of thepre-etch stop film 22 adjacent to the first interlayer insulation film182 may include a material having etching selectivity with respect tothe first interlayer insulation film 182. A portion of the pre-etch stopfilm 22 spaced apart from the first interlayer insulation film 182, thatis, a portion of the top surface of the pre-etch stop film 22, mayincluding an etching resistant material.

Next, a mask film 25 is formed on the pre-etch stop film 22. The maskfilm 25 may include a material having etching selectivity with respectto the pre-etch stop film 22. For example, the mask film 25 may includecarbon (C), nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), hydrogen (H) and fluorine (F)and/or silicon (Si), but that is different from the pre-etch stop film.

The mask film 25 may be formed by, for example, chemical vapordeposition (CVD), atomic layer deposition (ALD), thermal deposition,etc., but not limited thereto.

Referring to FIG. 23, the mask film 25 is planarized to expose thepre-etch stop film 22.

A portion of the pre-etch stop film 22 exposed by the mask film 25overlaps with the first gate spacer 140 and the dummy gate electrode112.

After the portion of the first interlayer insulation film 182 isrecessed, the pre-etch stop film 22 and the mask film 25 aresequentially formed. Thereafter, when the mask film 25 is planarized toexpose the pre-etch stop film 22, a process of forming an additionalmask for exposing the portion of the pre-etch stop film 22 exposed bythe mask film 25 overlapping with the first gate spacer 140 and thedummy gate electrode 112 may not be performed. That is to say, since theplanarized mask film 25 serves a self mask, no additional mask isrequired.

Referring to FIG. 24, an etch stop film 20 is formed on the firstinterlayer insulation film 182. The etch stop film 20 includes anopening 23 exposing the dummy gate electrode 112 and the first gatespacer 140.

In the forming of the etch stop film 20, the pre-etch stop film (22 ofFIG. 23) overlapping with the first gate spacer 140 and the dummy gateelectrode 112 is removed, thereby exposing the dummy gate electrode 112and the first gate spacer 140.

The forming of the etch stop film 20 may be performed by, for example,etching.

In the illustrated embodiment, a portion of the first gate spacer 140and a portion of the dummy gate electrode 112 are removed while formingthe etch stop film 20, but aspects of the present inventive concepts arenot limited thereto. In addition, in the illustrated embodiment, themask film 25 formed on the etch stop film 20 is entirely removed whileforming the etch stop film 20, which is, however, provided only for thesake of convenient explanation, but aspects of the present inventiveconcepts are not limited thereto.

Referring to FIG. 25, a portion of the dummy gate electrode 112 isexposed by the etch stop film 20, thereby exposing an inner surface of atop portion 140 y of the first gate spacer 140. In detail, the dummygate electrode 112 overlapping with the top portion 140 y of the firstgate spacer 140 is etched on the inner surface of the first gate spacer140, thereby exposing the inner surface of the top portion 140 y of thefirst gate spacer 140.

Therefore, on the inner surface of the first gate spacer 140, the dummygate electrode 112 overlaps with a bottom portion 140 x of the firstgate spacer 140 while not overlapping with the top portion 140 y of thefirst gate spacer 140.

The removing of the portion of the dummy gate electrode 112 may beperformed by, for example, dry etching, but aspects of the presentinventive concepts are not limited thereto.

Referring to FIG. 26, a portion of the top portion 140 y of the firstgate spacer 140 is removed using the etch stop film 20 as an etch mask.A thickness of the top portion 140 y of the first gate spacer 140 isreduced by etching the portion of the top portion 140 y of the firstgate spacer 140.

As the thickness of the top portion 140 y of the first gate spacer 140is reduced, a third part 140 c of the first gate spacer 140 is formed.As the result, the inner surface of the first gate spacer 140 may beshaped like a staircase and the first gate spacer 140 may be shaped likea bench.

Referring to FIG. 27, the dummy gate electrode 112 overlapping with thebottom portion 140 x of the first gate spacer 140 and the and the dummygate insulation film 111 are removed using the etch stop film 20 as anetch mask.

As the result, a first trench 145 exposing the top surface of thesubstrate 100 is formed.

In the forming of the first trench 145, a portion of the bottom portion140 x of the first gate spacer 140 is etched, thereby forming the secondpart 140 b of the first gate spacer 140. In addition, the remainingportion of the bottom portion 140 x of the first gate spacer 140corresponds to the first part 140 a of the first gate spacer 140.

Referring to FIG. 28, an insulation film 110 p and a lower electrodefilm 120 p are sequentially formed along the top surface of the firstinterlayer insulation film 182 and the side surfaces and bottom surfaceof the first trench 145. An upper electrode film 130 p filling the firsttrench 145 and covering the first interlayer insulation film 182 isformed on the top surface of the lower electrode film 120 p.

The insulation film 110 p may include, for example, a high-k material,but not limited thereto. The lower electrode film 120 p may include, forexample, an n type work function control film, or a stack of a p typework function control film and an n type work function control film, butnot limited thereto.

The upper electrode film 130 p may include, for example, tungsten (W)and/or aluminum (Al), but not limited thereto.

Referring to FIG. 29, the insulation film 110 p, the lower electrodefilm 120 p and the upper electrode film 130 p are planarized, therebyexposing the etch stop film 20.

As the result, the first gate insulation film 110 p, the first lowergate electrode 120 and the first upper gate electrode 130 are formed inthe first trench 145.

Next, the etch stop film 20 is removed by planarizing, thereby exposingthe top surface of the first interlayer insulation film 182.

A method for fabricating the semiconductor device according to thesecond embodiment of the present inventive concepts will now bedescribed with reference to FIGS. 21 to 31. The semiconductor device 1according to the first embodiment of the present inventive concepts mayalso be fabricated using the fabricating method according to the secondembodiment of the present inventive concepts.

FIGS. 30 and 31 illustrate intermediate process steps in a method forfabricating the semiconductor device according to the second embodimentof the present inventive concepts.

Referring to FIG. 30, portions of the first gate insulation film 110 p,the first lower gate electrode 120 and the first upper gate electrode130 are removed, thereby forming the recess 140 r.

A bottom surface of the recess 140 r corresponds to the first gateinsulation film 110 p, the first lower gate electrode 120 and the firstupper gate electrode 130, and the side surfaces of the recess 140 rcorrespond to the first gate spacer 140.

Referring to FIG. 31, a capping film 152 filling the recess 140 r andcovering the top surface of the etch stop film 20 is formed.

The capping film 152 may include, for example, silicon nitride (SiN),silicon oxynitride (SiON), silicon oxide (SiO₂), silicon carbonitride(SiCN) and/or silicon oxycarbonitride (SiOCN).

Next, the capping film 152 formed on the top surface of the firstinterlayer insulation film 182 and the etch stop film 20 are removed,thereby exposing the top surface of the first interlayer insulation film182. The capping film 152 and the etch stop film 20 may be removed byplanarizing.

As the result, the first capping pattern 150 filling a portion of thefirst trench 145 is formed.

A method for fabricating the semiconductor device according to the thirdembodiment of the present inventive concepts will now be described withreference to FIGS. 21, 23 to 28 and 30 to 33. The semiconductor deviceaccording to the first embodiment of the present inventive concepts mayalso be fabricated using the fabricating method according to the thirdembodiment of the present inventive concepts. For the sake of convenientexplanation, the following description will focus on differences betweenthe present and previous embodiments of the present inventive concepts.

FIGS. 32 and 33 illustrate intermediate process steps in a method forfabricating the semiconductor device according to the third embodimentof the present inventive concepts.

Referring to FIG. 32, the portion of the first interlayer insulationfilm 182 is recessed, thereby allowing the first gate spacer 140 and thedummy gate electrode 112 to protrude on the top surface of the firstinterlayer insulation film 182.

Next, the pre-etch stop film 22 covering the first gate spacer 140, thedummy gate electrode 112 and the top surface of the first interlayerinsulation film 182 is conformally formed.

The pre-etch stop film 22 includes a lower pre-etch stop film 22 a andan upper pre-etch stop film 22 b sequentially formed on the firstinterlayer insulation film 182.

The lower pre-etch stop film 22 a may include a material having anetching selectivity with respect to the capping film 152 and the upperpre-etch stop film 22 b. The upper pre-etch stop film 22 b may include amaterial having an etching selectivity with respect to the dummy gateelectrode 112 and the first gate spacer 140. The lower pre-etch stopfilm 22 a may include, for example, a metal oxide film, a metal nitridefilm and/or a germanium film. The upper pre-etch stop film 22 b mayinclude carbon (C), nitrogen (N), oxygen (O) and hydrogen (H) and/orsilicon (Si), that is different from the lower pre-etch stop film 22 a.

Next, the processes described above with reference to FIGS. 23 and 28are performed.

Referring to FIG. 33, the insulation film 110 p, the lower electrodefilm 120 p and the upper electrode film 130 p are planarized, therebyexposing the lower etch stop film 20 a.

Next, portions of the first gate insulation film 110 p, the first lowergate electrode 120 and the first upper gate electrode 130 are removed,thereby forming the recess 140 r.

Next, the capping film 152 filling the recess 140 r and covering the topsurface of the etch stop film 20 is formed.

Next, the capping film 152 formed on the top surface of the firstinterlayer insulation film 182 and the etch stop film 20 a are removed,thereby exposing the top surface of the first interlayer insulation film182.

A method for fabricating the semiconductor device according to thefourth embodiment of the present inventive concepts will now bedescribed with reference to FIGS. 21 to 27, 30, 31 and 34 to 36. Thesemiconductor device according to the second embodiment of the presentinventive concepts may also be fabricated using the fabricating methodaccording to the fourth embodiment of the present inventive concepts.

FIGS. 34 to 36 illustrate intermediate process steps in a method forfabricating the semiconductor device according to the fourth embodimentof the present inventive concepts.

Referring to FIG. 34, the insulation film 110 p and the first film 122 pof the lower electrode film 120 p are sequentially formed along the topsurface of the first interlayer insulation film 182 and the sidesurfaces and bottom surface of the first trench 145.

The first film 122 p of the lower electrode film 120 p may include, forexample, a p type work function control film, but is not limitedthereto.

Next, a pre-sacrificial film, filling the first trench 145 on the firstfilm 122 p of the lower electrode film 120 p and covering the topsurface of the first interlayer insulation film 182, is formed. Thepre-sacrificial film may include a material having good gap-fillcapability so as to efficiently fill the first trench 145. Thepre-sacrificial film may include, for example, a spin on hardmask (SOH),but is not limited thereto.

Next, the pre-sacrificial film is etched back, thereby forming thesacrificial film 30 filling a portion of the first trench 145.

Referring to FIG. 35, the sacrificial film 30 is etched back using amask, thereby removing the insulation film 110 p formed on the topsurface of the first interlayer insulation film 182 and the first film122 p of the lower electrode film 120 p. In addition, the insulationfilm 110 p formed on the side surfaces of the first trench 145 exposedby the sacrificial film 30 and the first film 122 p of the lowerelectrode film 120 p are removed.

As the result, the first gate insulation film 110 p formed alongportions of the side surfaces and bottom surface of the first trench 145and the first film 122 of the first lower gate electrode 120 are formed.

Next, a sacrificial film 30 is removed.

Referring to FIG. 36, a second film 124 p of the lower electrode film120 p is formed along the top surface of the first interlayer insulationfilm 182, portions of the side surfaces of the first trench 145 and thefirst film 122 of the first lower gate electrode 120.

The second film 124 p of the lower electrode film 120 p may include, forexample, an n type work function control film, but is not limitedthereto.

Next, an upper electrode film 130, filling the first trench 145 andcovering the top surface of the first interlayer insulation film 182, isformed on the second film 124 p of the lower electrode film 120 p.

Next, the second film 124 p of the lower electrode film 120 p and theupper electrode film 130 p are planarized by CMP, thereby exposing theetch stop film 20.

Next, portions of the second film 124 of the first lower gate electrode120 and the first upper gate electrode 130 are removed, thereby formingthe recess 140 r.

Next, the capping film 152 filling the recess 140 r and covering the topsurface of the etch stop film 20 is formed.

Next, the capping film 152 formed on the top surface of the firstinterlayer insulation film 182 and the etch stop film 20 are removed,thereby exposing the top surface of the first interlayer insulation film182.

A method for fabricating the semiconductor device according to the fifthembodiment of the present inventive concepts will now be described withreference to FIGS. 21, 37 and 38.

FIGS. 37 and 38 illustrate intermediate process steps in a method forfabricating the semiconductor device according to the fifth embodimentof the present inventive concepts.

Referring to FIG. 37, the pre-etch stop film 22, covering the topsurface of the first interlayer insulation film 182, the first gatespacer 140 and the top surface of the dummy gate electrode 112, isformed.

Referring to FIG. 38, a photoresist pattern is formed on the pre-etchstop film 22, the photoresist pattern exposing a portion of the pre-etchstop film 22 overlapping with the first gate spacer 140 and the dummygate electrode 112.

Next, the pre-etch stop film 22 is patterned using the photoresistpattern as a mask, thereby forming the etch stop film 20 exposing thefirst gate spacer 140 and the top surface of the dummy gate electrode112.

While the present inventive concepts have been particularly shown anddescribed with reference to various embodiments thereof, it will beunderstood by those of ordinary skill in the art that various changes inform and details may be made therein without departing from the spiritand scope of the present inventive concepts as defined by the followingclaims. It is therefore desired that the present embodiments beconsidered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive,reference being made to the appended claims rather than the foregoingdescription to indicate the scope of the inventive concepts.

What is claimed is:
 1. A semiconductor device comprising: a gate spacerdefining a trench and including a first part and a second partsequentially positioned on a substrate, an inner surface of the firstpart having a slope of an acute angle and an inner surface of the secondpart having a slope of a right angle or obtuse angle with respect to thesubstrate; and a gate electrode in at least a portion of the trench. 2.The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the inner surface of thefirst part of the gate spacer and the inner surface of the second partof the gate spacer have a continuous profile.
 3. The semiconductordevice of claim 1, wherein the gate spacer further includes a third partpositioned on the second part of the gate spacer remote from the firstpart, and the third part of the gate spacer is connected to the secondpart of the gate spacer.
 4. The semiconductor device of claim 3, whereinthe inner surface of the second part of the gate spacer and an innersurface of the third part of the gate spacer have a discontinuousprofile.
 5. The semiconductor device of claim 3, wherein at a boundarybetween the second part of the gate spacer and the third part of thegate spacer, a width of the trench defined by the third part of the gatespacer is greater than a width of the trench defined by the second partof the gate spacer.
 6. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein aninner surface of the gate spacer has a first point, a second point and athird point sequentially disposed away from the substrate, a width ofthe trench at the first point is greater than a width of the trench atthe second point, and a width of the trench at the third point isgreater than at a width of the trench at the second point.
 7. Thesemiconductor device of claim 1, further comprising a gate insulationfilm extending along side surfaces and a bottom surface of the trenchbetween the substrate and the gate electrode, wherein the gate electrodeincludes a lower gate electrode extending along the gate insulation filmon the gate insulation film and an upper gate electrode on the lowergate electrode.
 8. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the gateelectrode is a replacement metal gate electrode.
 9. The semiconductordevice of claim 1: wherein the gate electrode includes a lower gateelectrode and an upper gate electrode; wherein the lower gate electrodeextends along portions of side surfaces and a bottom surface of thetrench; and wherein the upper gate electrode is on the lower gateelectrode and has a top surface coplanar with an uppermost surface ofthe lower gate electrode; the semiconductor device further comprising acapping pattern on the lower gate electrode and the upper gateelectrode.
 10. The semiconductor device of claim 1 further comprising: afin type active pattern protruding onto a field insulation film; whereinthe trench extends on the fin type active pattern and crosses the fintype active pattern; and wherein the gate electrode is a replacementmetal gate electrode filling at least a portion of the trench.
 11. Asemiconductor device comprising: a first gate spacer defining a firsttrench and including a first part and a second part sequentiallypositioned on a substrate, an inner surface of the first part of thefirst gate spacer having a slope of an acute angle and an inner surfaceof the second part of the first gate spacer having a slope of a rightangle or obtuse angle with respect to the substrate; a second gatespacer defining a second trench and including a third part and a fourthpart sequentially positioned on the substrate, an inner surface of thethird part of the second gate spacer having a slope of an acute angleand an inner surface of the fourth part of the second gate spacer havinga slope of a right angle or obtuse angle with respect to the substrate;a first gate electrode in at least a portion of the first trench andincluding a first n type work function control film; and a second gateelectrode in at least a portion of the second trench and including asecond n type work function control film and a p type work functioncontrol film.
 12. The semiconductor device of claim 11, wherein thefirst gate electrode and the second gate electrode fill portions of thefirst trench and the second trench, respectively, and wherein thesemiconductor device further includes a first capping pattern on thefirst gate electrode to fill a remaining portion of the first trench,and a second capping pattern on the second gate electrode to fill aremaining portion of the second trench.
 13. The semiconductor device ofclaim 11, wherein the inner surface of the first part of the first gatespacer and the inner surface of the second part of the first gate spacerhave a continuous profile, and the inner surface of the third part ofthe second gate spacer and the inner surface of the fourth part of thesecond gate spacer have a discontinuous profile.
 14. The semiconductordevice of claim 11, wherein the first n type work function control filmextends along at least portions of side surfaces and a bottom surface ofthe first trench, the first gate electrode includes a first filling gateelectrode on the first n type work function control film to fill atleast a portion of the first trench, the p type work function controlfilm extends along at least portions of side surfaces and a bottomsurface of the second trench, the second n type work function controlfilm extends along the p type work function control film on the p typework function control film, and the second gate electrode includes asecond filling gate electrode on the second n type work function controlfilm to fill at least a portion of the second trench.
 15. Thesemiconductor device of claim 11, wherein the second n type workfunction control film extends on an uppermost surface of the p type workfunction control film.
 16. A semiconductor device comprising: a layer ona substrate, the layer including a trench therein that comprises atrench opening remote from the substrate, a trench floor adjacent thesubstrate and a trench wall between the trench opening and the trenchfloor, the trench wall being pinched relative to the trench opening andthe trench floor, a width of a part of the trench gradually decreasingin the direction away from the substrate; and a conductive layer in thetrench that includes a conductive layer top adjacent the trench opening,a conductive layer bottom adjacent the trench floor and a conductivelayer wall between the conductive layer top and the conductive layerbottom, the conductive layer wall also being pinched relative to theconductive layer top and the conductive layer bottom, a width of a partof the conductive layer gradually decreasing in the direction away fromthe substrate.
 17. The semiconductor device of claim 16 wherein thelayer comprises a gate spacer and includes first and second opposingouter walls, and the conductive layer comprise a gate electrode, thesemiconductor device further comprising: a first source/drain region onthe first outer wall remote from the trench; and a second source/drainregion on the second outer wall remote from the trench.
 18. Thesemiconductor device of claim 17 further comprising: an activesemiconductor region that extends from beneath the first source/drainregion to beneath the floor of the trench and to beneath the secondsource/drain region.
 19. The semiconductor device of claim 16 whereinthe conductive layer top is recessed from the trench opening, thesemiconductor device further comprising: a second conductive layer inthe trench on the conductive layer top and extending to the trenchopening.
 20. The semiconductor device of claim 16 wherein the layer is aunitary insulating layer.